Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition where one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it. This misalignment can compress nerves, leading to pain, stiffness, and mobility issues. It most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) but can occur in other parts of the spine.
Types of Spondylolisthesis
Congenital Spondylolisthesis: Present at birth due to improper spinal development.
Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Caused by a stress fracture in a small bone segment (pars interarticularis) of the vertebra.
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Occurs due to aging, arthritis, and weakening of spinal joints and discs.
Traumatic Spondylolisthesis: Results from injury or trauma to the spine.
Pathological Spondylolisthesis: Caused by conditions like tumors or infections that weaken the spine.
Post-Surgical Spondylolisthesis: Occurs after spinal surgery due to instability.
Causes of Spondylolisthesis
Aging: Wear and tear of spinal discs and joints.
Repetitive Stress: Sports like gymnastics, football, or weightlifting that put pressure on the lower back.
Genetic Factors: Some individuals are born with weaker vertebral structures.
Spinal Trauma: Accidents or injuries that damage the vertebrae.
Arthritis: Causes degeneration of spinal joints and ligaments.
Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis
Symptoms vary depending on the severity of the slip:
Lower back pain and stiffness
Leg pain, numbness, or tingling (due to nerve compression)
Weakness in legs
Difficulty walking or standing for long periods
Muscle tightness in the hamstrings
Loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases, requiring urgent medical attention)
Grades of Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is classified based on how much the vertebra has slipped:
Grade I: 1%–25% slip
Grade II: 26%–50% slip
Grade III: 51%–75% slip
Grade IV: 76%–100% slip
Grade V (Spondyloptosis): The vertebra has completely fallen off the one below it.
Diagnosis
Doctors diagnose spondylolisthesis through:
Medical History and Physical Examination
Imaging Tests:
X-ray – Detects vertebral slippage
MRI – Shows nerve compression and soft tissue damage
CT Scan – Provides detailed bone structure imaging
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and slippage:
Physical Therapy: Strengthening exercises for core and back muscles
Bracing: Supports the spine and limits movement in mild cases
Activity Modification: Avoiding high-impact sports and heavy lifting
Weight Management: Reduces pressure on the spine
Epidural Steroid Injections: Helps reduce inflammation and nerve pain
Surgical Treatments (For Severe Cases)
If pain persists or the slip is severe, surgery may be required:
Spinal Fusion: Joins two vertebrae to prevent further slippage
Laminectomy: Removes a portion of the vertebra to relieve nerve pressure
Decompression Surgery: Relieves pressure on the spinal cord and nerves
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
Exercise Regularly: Strengthen core and back muscles
Maintain Good Posture: Avoid excessive bending and twisting
Weight Control: Reduces spinal strain
Avoid Heavy Lifting: Use proper techniques when lifting objects
Stretching and Flexibility: Prevents stiffness and improves mobility
Spondylolisthesis is a treatable condition with proper medical care and lifestyle modifications. If you experience severe pain or neurological symptoms, consult a doctor for appropriate management.
